replication 音标拼音: [r
, ɛplək'eʃən]
n . 回答,反响,复制,原告的否认抗辩,折转,弯回
回答,反响,复制,原告的否认抗辩,折转,弯回
replication 复制 重复
replication n 1 :
the act of making copies ; "
Gutenberg '
s reproduction of holy texts was far more efficient " [
synonym : {
reproduction },
{
replication }]
2 : (
genetics )
the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division 3 :
a quick reply to a question or remark (
especially a witty or critical one ); "
it brought a sharp rejoinder from the teacher " [
synonym : {
rejoinder }, {
retort }, {
return }, {
riposte },
{
replication }, {
comeback }, {
counter }]
4 : (
law )
a pleading made by a plaintiff in reply to the defendant '
s plea or answer 5 :
the repetition of a sound resulting from reflection of the sound waves ; "
she could hear echoes of her own footsteps "
[
synonym : {
echo }, {
reverberation }, {
sound reflection },
{
replication }]
6 :
copy that is not the original ;
something that has been copied [
synonym : {
replica }, {
replication }, {
reproduction }]
7 :
the repetition of an experiment in order to test the validity of its conclusion ; "
scientists will not believe an experimental result until they have seen at least one replication "
Replication \
Rep `
li *
ca "
tion \ (-
k ?"
sh ?
n ),
n . [
L .
replicatio .
See {
Reply }.]
1 .
An answer ;
a reply . --
Shak .
[
1913 Webster ]
Withouten any repplicacioun . --
Chaucer .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 . (
Law Pleadings )
The reply of the plaintiff ,
in matters of fact ,
to the defendant '
s plea .
[
1913 Webster ]
3 .
Return or repercussion ,
as of sound ;
echo .
[
1913 Webster ]
To hear the replication of your sounds . --
Shak .
[
1913 Webster ]
4 .
A repetition ;
a copy .
[
1913 Webster ]
5 . (
Biochem .)
The copying ,
by enzymes ,
of a cell '
s genome ,
i .
e .
the DNA or RNA comprising its genetic material ,
so as to form an identical genome .
This is an essential step in the division of one cell into two .
This differs from {
transcription },
which is the copying of only part of the genetic information of a cell '
s genome into RNA ,
as in the processes of biosynthesis of messenger RNA or ribosomal RNA .
[
PJC ]
Syn :
Answer ;
response ;
reply ;
rejoinder .
[
1913 Webster ]
111 Moby Thesaurus words for "
replication ":
Altmann theory ,
DNA ,
De Vries theory ,
Galtonian theory ,
Mendelianism ,
Mendelism ,
RNA ,
Verworn theory ,
Weismann theory ,
Weismannism ,
Wiesner theory ,
acknowledgment ,
allele ,
allelomorph ,
answer ,
answering ,
antiphon ,
back answer ,
back talk ,
backchat ,
birth ,
character ,
chromatid ,
chromatin ,
chromosome ,
clone ,
comeback ,
conduplication ,
confutation ,
contraremonstrance ,
copying ,
counteraccusation ,
counterblast ,
countercharge ,
counterclaim ,
counterpart ,
counterreply ,
counterstatement ,
defense ,
determinant ,
determiner ,
diathesis ,
ditto ,
double ,
doubling ,
dupe ,
duplicate ,
duplication ,
echo ,
endowment ,
eugenics ,
evasive reply ,
facsimile ,
factor ,
gemination ,
gene ,
genesiology ,
genetic code ,
genetics ,
hereditability ,
heredity ,
heritability ,
heritage ,
imitation ,
inborn capacity ,
ingemination ,
inheritability ,
inheritance ,
iteration ,
matrocliny ,
model ,
patrocliny ,
pharmacogenetics ,
quadruplicate ,
reaction ,
ready reply ,
rebuttal ,
rebutter ,
receipt ,
recessive character ,
reduplication ,
refutation ,
reiteration ,
rejoinder ,
repartee ,
repetition ,
replica ,
reply ,
repost ,
representation ,
reproduction ,
rescript ,
rescription ,
respondence ,
response ,
responsion ,
responsory ,
retort ,
return ,
reverberation ,
riposte ,
short answer ,
snappy comeback ,
surrebuttal ,
surrebutter ,
surrejoinder ,
triplicate ,
twinning ,
witty reply ,
witty retort ,
yes -
and -
no answer Creating and maintaining a duplicate
copy of a database or file system on a different computer ,
typically a {server }. The term usually implies the
intelligent copying of parts of the source database which have
changed since the last replication with the destination .
Replication may be one -way or two -way . Two -way replication is
much more complicated because of the possibility that a
replicated object may have been updated differently in the two
locations in which case some method is needed to reconcile the
different versions .
For example , {Lotus Notes } can automatically distribute
document databases across telecommunications networks . Notes
supports a wide range of network {protocols } including {X25 }
and {Internet } {TCP /IP }.
Compare {mirror }. See also {rdist }.
1997 -12 -12 )REPLICATION ,
pleading .
The plaintiff '
s answer to the defendant '
s plea .
2 .
Replications will be considered ,
1 .
With regard to their several kinds .
2 .
To their form .
3 .
To their qualities .
3 .-
Sec .
1 .
They are to pleas in abatement and to pleas in bar .
4 .-
1 .
When the defendant pleads to the jurisdiction of the court ,
the plaintiff may reply ,
and in this case the replication commences with a statement that the writ ought not to be quashed ,
or that the court ought not to be ousted of their jurisdiction ,
because &
c .,
and concludes to the country ,
if the replication merely deny the subject -
matter of the plea .
Rast .
Entr .
101 Thomps .
Entr .
2 ;
Clift '
s Entr .
17 ;
1 Chit .
Pl .
434 .
As a general rule ,
when the plea is to the misnomer of the plaintiff or defendant ,
or when the plea consists of matter of fact which the plaintiff denies ,
the replication may begin without any allegation that the writ or bill ought not to be quashed .
1 Bos . &
Pull .
61 .
5 .-
2 .
The replication is ,
in general ,
governed by the plea ,
and most frequently denies it .
When the plea concludes to the country ,
the plaintiff must ,
in general ,
reply by adding a similiter ;
but when the plea concludes with a verification ,
the replication must either ,
1 .
Conclude the defendant by matter of estoppel ;
or ,
2 .
May deny the truth of the matter alleged in the plea ,
either in whole or in part ;
or ,
3 .
May confess and avoid the plea ;
or ,
4 .
In the case of an evasive plea ,
may new assign the cause of action .
For the several kinds of replication as they relate to the different forms of action ,
see 1 Chit .
Pl .
551 ,
et seq .;
Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
258 .
6 .-
Sec .
2 .
The form of the replication will be considered with regard to ,
1 .
The title .
2 .
The commencement .
3 .
The body .
4 .
The conclusion .
7 .-
1 .
The replication is usually entitled in the court and of the term of which it is pleaded ,
and the names of the plaintiff and defendant are stated in the margin ,
thus "
A B against C D ."
2 Chit .
Pl .
641 .
8 .-
2 .
The commencement is that part of the replication which immediately follows the statement of the title of the court and term ,
and the names of the parties .
It varies in form when it replies to matter of estoppel from what it does when it denies ,
or confesses and avoids the plea ;
in the latter case it commences with an allegation technically termed the preclude non . (
q .
v .)
It generally commences with the words , "
And the said plaintiff saith that the said defendant ," &
c .
1 Chit .
Pl .
573 .
9 .-
3 .
The body of the replication ought to contain either .
1 .
Matter of estoppel .
2 .
Denial of the plea .
3 .
A confession and avoidance of it ;
or ,
4 .
In case of an evasive plea ,
a new assignment .
1st .
When the matter of estoppel does not appear from the anterior pleading ,
the replication should set it forth ;
as ,
if the matter has been tried upon a particular issue in trespass ,
and found by the jury ,
such finding may be replied as an estoppel .
3 East ,
R .
346 ;
vide 4 Mass .
R .
443 .
2d .
The second kind of replication is that which denies or traverses the truth of the plea ,
either in part or in whole .
Vide Traverse ,
and 1 Chit .
Pl .
576 ,
note a .
3d .
The third kind of replication admits ,
either in words or in effect ,
the fact alleged in the plea ,
and avoids the effect of it by stating new matter .
If ,
for example ,
infancy be pleaded ,
the plaintiff may reply that the goods were necessaries ,
or that the defendant ,
after he came of full age ,
ratified and confirmed the promise .
Vide Confession and Avoidance .
4th .
When the plea is such as merely to evade the allegation in the declaration ,
the plaintiff in his replication may reassign it .
Vide New Assignment ,
and 1 Chit .
Pl .
601 .
10 .-
4 .
With regard to the conclusion ,
it is a general rule ,
that when the replication denies the whole of the defendant '
s plea ,
containing matter of fact ,
it should conclude to the country .
There are other conclusions in particular cases ,
which the reader will find fully stated in 1 Chit .
Pl .
615 ,
et seq .;
Com .
Dig .
Pleader ,
F 5 vide 1 Saund .
103 ,
n .;
2 Caines '
R .
60 2 John .
R .
428 ;
1 John .
R .
516 ;
Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
258 ;
19 Vin .
Ab 29 ;
Bac .
Ab .
Trespass ,
I 4 ;
Doct .
Pl .
428 ;
Beames '
Pl .
in Eq .
247 ,
325 ,
326 .
11 .-
Sec .
3 .
The qualities of a replication are ,
1 .
That it must answer so much of the defendant '
s plea as it professes to answer ,
and that if it be bad in part ,
it is bad for the whole .
Com .
Dig .
Pleader ,
F 4 ,
W 2 ;
1 Saund .
338 ;
7 Cranch '
s Rep .
156 .
2 .
It must not depart from the allegations in the declaration in any material matter .
Vide Departure ,
and 2 Saund .
84 a ,
note 1 ;
Co .
Lit .
304 a .
See also 3 John .
Rep .
367 ;
10 John .
R .
259 ;
14 John .,
R .
132 ;
2 Caines '
R .
320 .
3 .
It must be certain .
Vide Certainty .
4 .
It must be single .
Vide U .
S .
Dig .
Pleading ,
XI .;
Bouv .
Inst .
Index ,
h .
t .;
Duplicity ;
Pleadings .
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