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optimism    音标拼音: ['ɑptəm,ɪzəm]
n. 乐观主义,乐观,乐天

乐观主义,乐观,乐天

optimism
n 1: the optimistic feeling that all is going to turn out well
[ant: {pessimism}]
2: a general disposition to expect the best in all things [ant:
{pessimism}]

Optimism \Op"ti*mism\, n. [L. optimus the best; akin to optio
choice: cf. F. optimisme. See {Option}.]
[1913 Webster]
1. (Metaph.) The opinion or doctrine that everything in
nature, being the work of God, is ordered for the best, or
that the ordering of things in the universe is such as to
produce the highest good.
[1913 Webster]

2. A habitual tendency or a present disposition to take the
most hopeful view of future events, and to expect a
favorable outcome even when unfavorable outcomes are
possible; -- opposed to {pessimism}.
[1913 Webster PJC]

40 Moby Thesaurus words for "optimism":
Leibnizian optimism, Pollyannaism, blitheness, blithesomeness,
bright outlook, bright side, brightness, buoyancy, cheer,
cheerful expectation, cheerfulness, cheeriness, cheery vein,
eupeptic mien, geniality, gladness, gladsomeness, good cheer,
happiness, hope, hopefulness, idealism, millennialism,
optimisticalness, perfectibilism, perfectionism,
philosophical optimism, pleasantness, positivism, radiance,
rosy expectation, rosy outlook, sanguine expectation,
sanguine humor, sanguineness, sanguinity, silver lining, sunniness,
utopianism, winsomeness

What a programmer is full of after fixing the last bug and
just before actually discovering the *next* last bug. Fred
Brooks's book "{The Mythical Man-Month}" contains the
following paragraph that describes this extremely well.

All programmers are optimists. Perhaps this modern sorcery
especially attracts those who believe in happy endings and
fairy god-mothers. Perhaps the hundreds of nitty frustrations
drive away all but those who habitually focus on the end goal.
Perhaps it is merely that computers are young, programmers are
younger, and the young are always optimists. But however the
selection process works, the result is indisputable: "This
time it will surely run," or "I just found the last bug.".

See also {Lubarsky's Law of Cybernetic Entomology}.

[{Jargon File}]

optimism: n. What a programmer is full of after fixing the last bug and before
discovering the next last bug. Fred Brooks's book
The Mythical Man-Month (See Brooks's
Law) contains the following paragraph that describes this
extremely well:

All programmers are optimists. Perhaps this modern sorcery especially
attracts those who believe in happy endings and fairy godmothers. Perhaps the
hundreds of nitty frustrations drive away all but those who habitually focus
on the end goal. Perhaps it is merely that computers are young, programmers
are younger, and the young are always optimists. But however the selection
process works, the result is indisputable: “This time it will surely
run,” or “I just found the last bug.”.
See also
Lubarsky's Law of Cybernetic Entomology.


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  • Question about Nat 20s and saving throws - D D Beyond
    By Rules as Written, the Nat 20 (Critical Success) Nat 1 (Critical Failure) rules only affect Attack rolls and Death Saving Throws For attacks: a Nat 20 is an automatic success and you roll double the damage dice A Nat 1 means the automatically automatically misses For death saving throws: a Nat 20 automatically stabilises you and heals you 1 HP A Nat 1 results in two failed death saves
  • Nat 20 - Dungeon Masters Only - Dungeons Dragons Discussion - D D Beyond
    A nat 20 1 already puts the player monster in a very good position so in most cases the added benefit detriment is lost For the sake of certain class features, like assassin rogues, having that super fast reaction time to hit the top of the initiative is paramount to their strategy To be beat out by a mere goblin might feel cheap
  • Why natural 20 is always a critical hit? (even when enemy has 21 AC)
    The mechanics of a crit on 20 really doesn't matter, it affects both PCs and NPCs so, that balances the mechanic anyhow, as would any alternative rule The rule of a miss on a nat 1 is substantial as well, some characters have double digits to hit yet, they can still miss a low AC target Again, it all evens out
  • 1 20 on ability checks - Dungeon Masters Only - D D Beyond
    I agree that nat 20 doesn't mean an auto-success for ability checks As I put it to one of my players - "If you declare that you're going to jump across the English Channel, and you roll a nat 20, you don't DO it" ( to be fair, you shouldn't allow skill rolls for impossible, or trivially simple, goals anyways ) What I tend to do it, if their adjusted score succeeds, and the rolled a nat 20
  • Disadvantage and Natural 20s - D D Beyond
    A player has disadvantage on attack rolls due to Drow Poison - They roll first attack and get a natural 20 As it was a critical on first go, I decided just to let them have the critical hit
  • The non-natural 20 - Rules Game Mechanics - D D Beyond
    "Modified 20" or "20- not a nat 20 though" seem to be the most common phrase in my group I could see saying dirty 20 though, or crit for a nat 20 and just 20 for modified
  • Sharpshooter Feat + Nat 20 question - D D Beyond
    The -5 is a modifier, it doesn't affect the dice rol itself If you roll a natural 20 it is a cricical hit, even if you fail to get the total up to the targets A For example say to have +2 Dex and +2 proficiency and you are attacking something with an AC of 20 If you roll a natural 20, you get a total of 20+2+2-5 =19 so while it would normally miss a natural 20 is always a critical hit The
  • Bane - Spells - D D Beyond
    Additionally the same goes for Nat 1s being Missed attacks but not guaranteed failed skills saves, officially Personally, in my campaigns, I consider a Nat 20 Skill Save to be an effective +5 to the total, so it isn't overpowered, but still rewards the good luck (I also give 1d20 Exp to whichever character rolled it)
  • Nat 20 VS high DC - Rules Game Mechanics - D D Beyond
    A natural 20 on an ability check is just a 20 As you mentioned, if the number rolled plus the appropriate bonus penalty isn't equal to the DC (or higher) then the skill check is unsuccessful Natural 20 being a critical hit applies only to attack rolls
  • Nat 20 calculation for multiple dice? - D D Beyond
    The odds are: 1 - (odds of not getting a 20 on any of them) So to not get any nat 20s there are 19 options on each die that aren't a 20 So for an individual die that's 19 20 For eight dice that becomes (19 20)^8 So that means the odds of getting at least one crit are: 1 - (19 20)^8 ~= 33 66%





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